quiz7#s 1-4

1. Discuss the components required for successful communications.

Sender, beneficiary, and a atmosphere. That's in the order of the most chief definition of the components of computer network.

2. Identify various sending and receiving devices.

Sending device initiates the transmission of data, instructions, and information while a receiving device accepts the items transmitted.

·        Microcomputers

·        Minicomputers

·        Mainframes

·        Internet appliances and web enabled hand held computers

3. Describe uses of computer communications.

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any communicative transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers^.While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messages, e-mails, chat rooms), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging^. Research on CMC focuses largely on the social effects of different computer-supported communication technologies. Many recent studies involve Internet-based social networking supported by social software.

 4. List advantages of using a network.

• share software
• share information with others on networks
• share peripherals
• speed of sharing software and information files
• cheaper than buying individual software and hardware for each standalone especially if for a school, network software often offers deals for amount being purchased
• security, files can be copy inhibit mode
• centralized software management- software being loaded onto one computer but also this loads software to entire network at one time
• electronic mail(e-mail) between network users, ideal for office memos
• flexible access- access you files from any computer on the network unlike standalone which would mean only being able to access your data from the one computer you uploaded data onto

quiz7 #s 5-7

5. Differentiate among client/server, peer-to-peer, and P2P networks.

Client/server-describes the relationship between two computer programs in which one program, the client, makes a service request from another program, the server, which fulfills the request.

Peer-to-peer (P2P)-computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes.

6. Describe the various network communications standards.

Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as medium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology, organizational scope.

7. Explain the purpose of communications software.
Communication software is used to provide remote access to systems and is also used to exchange messages in text, audio and video format for the purpose of communication. This software sends and receives data over telephone lines through modems. The communication software allows computers in different geographical regions to communicate with each other through terminal emulators, file transfer programs, chat and instant messaging programs.

quiz7 #s 8-11

8. Describe various types of lines for communications over the telephone network.

Telex, Fax and dial-up Internet communication.

9. Describe commonly used communications devices.

Radios are communication systems that send and/or receive electromagnetic waves and consist of a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. 
Pagers are electronic communications devices that are used to notify or alert a user. Communication received by pagers may be numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the model and complexity of the device.

Other types of communication devices include navigation systems, such as global positioning systems (GPS) instruments and radar systems. GPS communication devices receive satellite communications and use it to provide position information.  
Radar communication devices use synchronized transmitters and receivers to send radio waves and detect their reflections from objects, surfaces and sub-surface structures.

10. Discuss different ways to set up a home network.


11. Identify various physical and wireless transmission media.

For physical transmission Media there are:  

• Twisted-Pair Cable 
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber-Optic Cable

For wireless transmission media there are:

•   Broadcast Radio

• Cellular Radio

•   Microwaves

•   Communication Satellite

quiz6

1.Define system software and identify the two types of system software.

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software. 

The most basic types of system software are:

• The computer BIOS and device firmware, which provide basic functionality to operate and control the hardware connected to or built into the computer.
• The operating system (prominent examples being Microsoft Windows, Mac OS x and Linux, which allows the parts of a computer to work together by performing tasks like transferring data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a display device. It also provides a platform to run high-level system software and application software.
• Utility software, which helps to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer.

2.Briefly describe various server operating systems: Windows Server, c,Linux, Solaris, and NetWare.

Windows Server is a brand name for a group of server operating systems released by Microsoft Corporation. 

Linux refers to the family of Unix-like computer operating systems using the Linux kernel. Linux can be installed on a wide variety of computer hardware, ranging from mobile phones, tablet computers, routers and video game consoles, to desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputers. Linux is a leading server operating system, and runs the 10 fastest supercomputers in the world.

NetWare is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking  to run various services on a personal computer, with network protocols based on the archetypal Xerox Network Systems stack.

3.Summarize the features of several embedded operating systems: Windows Embedded CE, Windows Mobile, Palm OS, iPhone OS, BlackBerry, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS.

Microsoft Windows CE (now officially known as Windows Embedded Compact and previously also known as Windows Embedded CE ,and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is an operating system developed by Microsoft for embedded systems . Windows CE is a distinct operating system and kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows.

Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft that was used in smart phones  and  mobile devices,  but by 2011 was rarely supplied on new phones.

Palm OS (also known as Garnet OS) is a mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc., for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996.  Palm OS is designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based  graphical user interface. It is provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management.  Later versions of the OS have been extended to support smart phones.Several other licensees have manufactured devices powered by Palm OS. 
iOS (known as iPhone OS before June 2010) is Apple's mobile operating system. Originally developed for the iPhone, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod touch, iPad and Apple TV.


4. Explain the purpose of several utility programs: file manager, search utility, image viewer, uninstaller, disk cleanup, disk defragmenter, backup and restore utilities, screen saver, personal firewall, antivirus programs, spyware and adware removers, Internet filters, file compression, media player, disc burning, and personal computer maintenance.

File manager or file browser is a computer program that provides a user interface to work with file systems.

Web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers.

Image viewer or image browser is a computer program that can display stored graphical image; it can often handle various graphics file formats.

Uninstaller, also called a deinstaller, is a utility software designed to remove other software or parts of it from a computer. It is the opposite of an installer.

Disk Cleanup is a computer maintenance utility included in Microsoft Windows designed to free up disk space on a computer's hard drive.

Defragmentation is a process that reduces the amount of fragmentation in file systems it does by physically organizing the contents of the mass storage device to store files in a contiguous region if possible, or in the smallest possible number of regions (fragments) if not.

Backup or the process of backing up refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a data loss event.

Screensaver is a type of computer program initially designed to prevent phosphor burn-in on CRT and plasma computer monitors by blanking the screen or filling it with moving images or patterns when the computer is not in use.

Personal firewall is an application which controls network traffic to and from a computer, permitting or denying communications based on a security policy.

Antivirus or anti-virus software is used to prevent, detect, and remove malware, including but not limited to computer viruses, computer worm, trojan horses, spyware and adware.

Spyware is a type of malware that can be installed on computers, and which collects small pieces of information about users without their knowledge.

Data compression, source coding or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation would use.

Content-control software, also known as censorware or web filtering software is a term for software designed and optimized for controlling what content is permitted to a reader, especially when it is used to restrict material delivered over the Web.

Media player is a term typically used to describe computer software for playing back multimedia files.

Optical disc authoring is the process of assembling source material—video, audio or other data—into the proper logical volume format to then be recorded ("burned") onto an optical disc (typically a compact disc or DVD).

Computer maintenance is the practice of keeping computers in a good state of repair.

quiz5

1. Differentiate between storage devices and storage media.

Storage device refers to the apparatus for recording computer data. Examples are the RAM, floppy drives, ZIP drives, and other disks drives. While, storage media are the materials on which data are written and stored. Examples are the floppy disks, optical discs, hard disks, etc.

2. Identify the uses of tape, magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, microfilm and microfiche, and enterprise storage.

Tape- Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information at a low cost. A tape drive reads and writes data and information on tape. Business users utilize tape most often for long-term storage and backup.

Magnetic stripe cards- First used in the early 1960s, magnetic stripe technology, occasionally called "magstripe," remains as an effective form of information storage. While other technologies have come onto the market, magnetic stripe cards are still a cheap, easily implemented system that is seen and used by millions of people every day. The information that is encoded onto the stripe is usually unique to the cardholder and helps to identify that person.

Smart cards- A smart card, which is similar in size to a credit or ATM card, stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the card. A smart card reader reads the information on the smart card and updates it if necessary.

Microfilm is a 100- to 215-foot roll of film. Microfiche is a small sheet of film, usually about 4 X 6 inches. Microfilm and microfiche reduce the amount of paper firms must handle, are inexpensive, and have the longest life of any storage media.

 Enterprises use computers, servers, and networks to manage and store huge volumes of data and information. In an enterprise, some storage systems can provide more than 185 TB of storage, and optical disc servers hold hundreds of optical discs.

3. Describe the various types of flash memory storage: solid state drives, memory cards, USB flash drives, and ExpressCard modules.

Solid-state drive (SSD)-is a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data with the intention of providing access in the same manner of a traditional block i/o hard disk drive.

Memory card or flash card-is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, MP3 players, and video game consoles. They are small, re-recordable, and able to retain data without power.

USB flash drive consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than a floppy disk. Most weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). Storage capacities in 2010 can be as large as 256 GB with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected. Some allow 1 million write or erase cycles and offer a 10-year.

Expresscard module-is a new technology that slots into a computer system to allow the addition of hardware capabilities. The Expresscard was introduced by the Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) in 2003 and is a thinner, lighter and faster modular expansion for users of desktop and notebook computers. Hardware capabilities such as extra memory, wired and wireless communication tools and security devices can be added by inserting these modules into the system.

4. Differentiate among various types of optical discs: CDs, archive discs and Picture CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs.

Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later expanded to encompass data storage (CD-ROM), write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact Discs (SVCD), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

Picture CD is a product by Kodak, following on from the earlier Photo CD product. It holds photos from a single roll of color film, stored at 1024×1536 resolution using JPEG  compression. The product is aimed at consumers. Software to view and perform simple edits to images is included on the CD. The Picture CD is a standard recordable CD with Kodak software prerecorded.

DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic  in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs  while having the same dimensions.

Blu-ray Disc (official abbreviation BD) is an optical disc storage medium designed to supersede the DVD format. The disc diameter is 120 mm and disc thickness 1.2 mm plastic optical disc, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB), the norm for feature-length video discs.

5. Summarize the characteristics of ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, multifunction peripherals, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, and plotters and large-format printers

Inkjet printer-is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper.

Laser printer-is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper.
MFP (Multi Function Product/ Printer/ Peripheral), multifunctional, all-in-one (AIO), or Multifunction Device (MFD)-is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting or to provide centralized document management/distribution/production in a large-office setting.

Printer-is a peripheral which produces a text and/or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies.

Thermal printer (or direct thermal printer) produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an image.

Postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage (or franking) to mailed matter.

Mobile Imaging and Printing Consortium-is a non-profit industry association formed to promote the usage of mobile devices with digital cameras, particularly camera phones, and the printing of photographs taken with them.

Plotter-is a computer printing device for printing vector graphics. In the past, plotters were widely used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they have generally been replaced with wide-format conventional printers, and it is now commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters," even though they technically aren't.

Wide-format printers (contrast to vector-rendering "plotters")-are generally accepted to be any printer with a print width between 17" and 100". Printers over the 100" mark may be called Super-Wide or Grand format.

quiz3 #s 1-3

1. Describe the four categories of output.

• Text-consists of characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, or any other symbol requiring one byte of computer storage space) that are used to create words, sentences, and paragraphs.

• Graphics-are digital representations of nontext information such as drawings, charts, photographs, and animation (a series of still images in rapid sequence that gives the illusion of motion).

• Audio-is music, speech, or any other sound.

• Video- consists of images played back at speeds to provide the appearance of full motion. 

2. The characteristics of LCD monitors, LCD screens, plasma monitors, and HDTVs.




Liquid crystal display (LCD)-is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.
They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones.

3. What are the components inside the system unit.

Motherboard-sometimes called a system board is the main circuit board of the system unit.

Processor- also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer

Control Unit- is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer.

Arithmetic Logic Unit-another component of the processor, performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.

Machine Cycle- for every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle.

System clock-the processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control the timing of all computer operations.

Dual-Core Processor-is a single chip that contains two separate processors.

Multi-core processor- is a chip with two or more separate processors.

Memory-consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processed data (information).

RAM (Random Access Memory) - also called main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. The RAM is where most files that are used while the computer is on, are stored while being used.

Memory module-this is where RAM chips usually reside. This is a small circuit board. -Memory slots-These are the slots on the mother board that hold the memory module.

Cache-is how computers improve processing times

quiz3 #s 4-10

4. The components of a processor and how they complete a machine cycle. 

• Control unit - responsible for supervising the operation of the entire computer system.   
• Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) -provides the computer with logical and computational capabilities.  
• Register -a storage location inside the processor.

 

5. Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data.

quiz 2

1. Describe various types of pen input, and identify other types of input for smart phones.

Light Pen – handheld input device that can detect light. This will pick up on existence of light. It's a hand held pen fashioned gadget having a photocell installed in its front-end. Once the front-end on the pen is actually touched on the display screen, the actual photocell registers a position associated with display.

Digitizer – A Digitizer іѕ аlѕο called a graphic tablet аnd uses a pen input device. It’s a flat, rectangle-shaped digital plastic material pad. Eνеrу position tο thе digitizer points tο matching video dіѕрlау. It’s primarily useful fοr producing roadmaps аnd аlѕο engineering blueprints. 

Stylus and Cursor - Stylus pen is actually like a ballpoint pen. It's utilized to compose textual content or make lines (or generate drawings and also pictures) on the exclusively developed graphics display or digitizer. Pen input devices found in several sophisticated graphic devices is called Digital Pen. Generally electronic digital pen supplies much more performance compared to stylus pen.

2. The purpose of various game controllers: gamepads, joysticksand wheels, light guns, dance pads,and motion-sensing game controllers.

Gamepads-control pad on an audio player allows users to scroll through music, adjust volume, and customize settings. A pointing device that controls the movement and actions of players or objects in games

Joystick and wheels- Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base. It is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer.

Wheel- is a steering-wheel-type input device

Light gun-a pointing device for computers and a control device for arcade and video games.Modern screen-based light guns work by building a sensor into the gun itself, and the on-screen target(s) emit light rather than the gun. The first device of this type, the light pen, was used on the MIT Whirlwind computer.The light gun and its ancestor, the light pen, are now rarely used as pointing devices due largely to the popularity of the mouse and changes in monitor display technology—conventional light guns only work with CRT monitors.

quiz2 #s 3-5

3. Explain how resolution affects the quality of a picture captured on a
digital camera.

• The higher the resolution, the better the image quality, but the more expensive the camera
• Pixel (picture element) is single point in electronic image
• Greater the number of pixels, the better the image quality

4. Describe the uses of voice recognition, Web cams, and video conferencing.

Web cam-video camera whose output displays on a Web page

Video conferencing-Two or more geographically separated people who use network or Internet to transmit audio and video data

5. Discuss how various scanners and reading devices work: optical scanners, optical readers, bar code readers, RFID readers, magnetic stripe card readers, MICR readers, and data collection devices.

Optical reader-Device that uses light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data

Bar code reader-Uses laser beams to read bar codes

RFID reader-Reads information on the tag via radio waves

Magnetic stripe card reader-Reads the magnetic stripe on the back of a credit card. Exposure to a magnetic field can erase the contents of a card’s magnetic stripe

MICR reader-Can read text printed with magnetized ink. Banking industry almost exclusively uses MICR for check processing.

Data collection devices-Obtains data directly at location where transaction or event takes place. Transmits data over network or Internet

quiz2 #6

6. Summarize the various biometric devices: fingerprint reader, face recognition system, hand geometry system, voice verification system, signature verification system, and iris recognition system.

Fingerprint reader-was a device that was sold by Microsoft primarily targeted at home and small business users which is currently discontinued

Voice verification system-compares live speech with stored voice pattern

Signature verification-system recognizes shape of signature

Iris recognition system-reads patterns in blood vessels in back of eye

Hand geometry system-measures shape and size of person’s hand

quiz-1&2

1. Define input and differentiate among a program, command, and user response.
     
Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and      control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. It is any hardware device that sends data to the computer, without any input devices, a computer would only be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, much like a TV. 

    

        Many input devices can be classified according to:

• modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)
• the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
• the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)

Program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions.

Command is a directive to a computer program acting as an interpreter of some kind, in order to perform a specific task. Most commonly a command is a directive to some kind of command line interface, such as a shell. Specifically, the term command is used in imperative computer languages. These languages are called this, because statements in these languages are usually written in a manner similar to the imperative mood used in many natural languages.



2. Identify the keys and buttons commonly found on desktop computer keyboards, and describe how keyboards for mobile computers and devices differ from desktop computer keyboards.

Escape - Esc is used to back out of situations. When you find yourself in a place where you don't want to be, try the Esc key. In PowerPoint this key will stop a running slide show. The keyboard combination Ctrl + Esc will open the Start menu.
F1 - While working in an application, depressing this key will bring up the applications help menu. If there is no open application F1 will open Windows Help .
F2 - Choose this key to rename a selected item.  
Alt + Ctrl + F2 to open a new document in MS Word
Ctrl + F2 to open print preview in MS Word (this is a toggle, tap the keys again to return to the edit page)

F3 - Depressing this key will display the Find: All Files dialog box.
 2 - Shift + F3 will change case in MS Word. Continue to press F3 ( with the Shift key depressed) to toggle through all choices.
F4 - Holding down the Alt key while depressing F4 closes the current active window. If there is no active window this opens the Shut Down dialog box. 
2 - Repeat an action with F4. For example, if your last action was to format a word as Bold, you can repeat the procedure by highlighting another word and depressing F4 . This continues to work until your next action. (Thanks to George Held for this shortcut)
F5 - Select this key to refresh the contents of a dialog box, such as the Save As or Open dialog boxes, or in a window such as a Windows Explorer window. 
2 - Refresh a browser window; IE refreshes immediately, Google Chrome, Firefox, and Safari all ask for confirmation before refreshing 
3 - Open the Find and Replace dialog box in MS Word 
4 - F5 + Ctrl + Shift to insert a bookmark in MS Word 
5 - Use this key to start a slide show in MS PowerPoint
F6 - F6 + Ctrl to move to a previous window if you have multiple documents open in MS Word 
2 - F6 + Alt to move to a previous window if you have multiple documents open in MS Word
F7 - Perform Spell and Grammar check in MS Word 
2 - F7 + Shift when a word is selected to access the thesaurus in MS Word
F10 - Activates Menu Bar options. Use right and left arrows to select menus and down arrows to display pull down menus. This is especially useful on the newer versions of IE because the menu bar is not displayed by default. 
2 - F10 + Shift - Depressing this key combination will display the selected item's shortcut window. This is the menu that is displayed by right-clicking .
F11 - In Internet Explorer this key will allow you to toggle back and forth between full screen view (all toolbars compressed into one thin line) and normal view 
2 - In Excel this key will make a chart using data that you have highlighted 
3 - F11 + Shift - in Excel this keyboard combination will add worksheets to the workbook. Each time you tap F11 a new worksheet is added.
F12 - Open a new document in MS Word 
2 - F12 + Ctrl + Shift to print in MS Word 
3 - F12 + Shift to Save in MS Word 
4 - F12 to open the Save As dialog box in MS Word  
Print Screen - Don't look at your printer after pressing this key. This sends a copy of whatever is on the screen to the clipboard. One common use of this action is to paste the clipboard into Paint to copy a portion of an image for use in another application. As an example look at the Windows logo in the Windows key section of this page. That was produced by copying a small portion of the desktop image and pasting into a web page developer. If you wish to copy only the active window, hold down the Alt key, then tap on the Print Screen key. It will copy only that window that is active, not the whole desktop.

* (Asterisk) - Ctrl + Shift + * to select the current region around an active cell in MS Excel. This can be quite useful in creating charts.
Hyphen (dash) - Ctrl + - (Hyphen) to bring up the Delete dialog box in MS Excel
[ - Ctrl + [ to decrease font size of highlighted text one point at a time (MS Word and MS PowerPoint)
] - Ctrl + ] to increase font size of highlighted text one point at a time (MS Word and MS PowerPoint)
P - Ctrl + P to print in many applications 
2 - Ctrl + P to bring up the pen if you are showing a PowerPoint show
E - E to erase whatever you drew using the pen during a PowerPoint show
A - Ctrl + A to select all in many applications 
2 - Ctrl + A to replace the pen with the arrow pointer if you are in a PowerPoint show
B - Ctrl + B to make selected text Bold 
2 - B to make the screen Black if you are showing a PowerPoint show [this does not work in edit mode, just in show]
W - Ctrl + W to close a window 
2 - W to make the screen White if you are showing a PowerPoint show [this does not work in edit mode, just in show]
Z - Ctrl + Z to undo (to Zap an error)
N - Ctrl + N to get a new document in many applications [MS Office, Photoshop, Internet Browsers and others]
X - Ctrl + X to cut selected text or images
Q - Ctrl + Q to quit (or Exit) the active application
C - Ctrl + C to copy selected text or images
V - Ctrl + V to paste text or images that have been cut or copied
S - Ctrl + S to save a document
D - Ctrl + D to make a favorite in Internet Explorer
Tab - This key can be used to move forward through options in a dialog box. 
2 - Ctrl + Shift + Tab can be used to move backward through the options. 
3 - Ctrl + Tab allows movement from one open window to the next in an application with more than one open window. 
4 - Alt + Tab displays a list of open application windows. Keeping Alt depressed and selecting Tab cycles through the list. Releasing selects the highlighted application window. 
Caps Lock - An obvious function, but some things that are not so obvious need to be said. This key should be used with caution, if at all. A document, even a headline of a document, produced in all caps is hard for the eye to scan. If you are producing documents, or slide shows, for the purpose of communicating with some audience, you should avoid anything that makes that communication less clear. All caps is difficult for voice recognition software to interpret. All caps in Email is widely understood to be shouting or yelling at someone. Furthermore, new users should not be taught to use the caps lock key in place of depressing the Shift key to produce capital letters. 
Shift - The obvious use of this key is to allow selection of capital letters when depressing the alphabet characters, or selecting the characters above the keys on the row just below the F keys. 
2 - Depressing the Shift key while inserting a CD-ROM will bypass auto play. 
3 - Use the keyboard combination Shift + Delete to permanently delete a selected item, not simply moving it to the Recycle Bin. 
4 - Shift + arrow key(s) to extend the area of selected data in MS Excel 
5 - Adding the Shift key to most keyboard shortcuts will perform the reverse action. For example: Spacebar scrolls down in IE but Shift + Spacebar scrolls up, in MS Excel depressing the Enter key moves to the cell below and Shift + Enter moves to the cell above , likewise in MS Excel depressing the Tab key moves to the cell to the right and Shift + Tab moves to the cell to the left.
Ctrl - Depressing the Ctrl key while clicking allows multiple selections. Holding the Ctrl key down and pressing another key will initiate quite a few actions.